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The interactive charts above show multigas measurements from the RUKA monitoring station at Villarrica volcano, Chile. This data provides crucial insights into volcanic degassing processes and potential changes in volcanic activity.

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SO₂ Max (ppm) chart

Each point on the line represents the peak SO₂ concentration (in parts per million) measured during a 30-minute analytical session. SO₂_max is a direct measure of plume signal strength and serves as a rough proxy for the total amount of gas being emitted by the volcano — though keep in mind it is also sensitive to wind direction: if the plume is not blowing toward the sensor, SO₂ will appear low even during active degassing. Elevated or rising SO₂_max values may indicate increased volcanic activity and warrant close monitoring.

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CO₂/SO₂ Ratio chart

Each dot represents the average CO₂/SO₂ ratio calculated over a 30-minute session. A value is only shown when two quality-control conditions are both satisfied:
  1. SO₂_max exceeded 1 ppm (the plume was strong enough to measure reliably), AND
  2. The R² of the linear regression between CO₂ and SO₂ concentrations was ≥ 0.5 (the two gases co-varied tightly, confirming a volcanic source rather than noise). Sessions that did not meet these thresholds are omitted — that is why the ratio chart may appear sparse. Changes in the CO₂/SO₂ ratio over time can reflect shifts in magma degassing depth or supply rate: a rising ratio may indicate deeper or more primitive magma reaching the surface, while a falling ratio can suggest shallower, more degassed material.
The H2S sensor at this station is currently not operational, so H2S-related ratios are not shown.